Basic In-Text Citation Style
When you quote or paraphrase a source, you need to give credit using the appropriate in-text citation
When Paraphrasing:
Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public's perception of expert consensus on an issue (Koehler, 2016).
Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage
In-text citations also vary depending on author type:
| Author type | Parenthetical Citation | Narrative Citation |
|---|---|---|
| One Author | (Luna, 2020) | Luna (2020) |
| Two Authors | (Salas & D'Agostino, 2020) | Salas & D'Agostino (2020) |
| Three or more Authors | (Martin et al., 2020) | Martin et al. (2020) |
|
Group Author with Abbreviation First citation Subsequent citations |
(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2020) (NIMH, 2020) |
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2020) NIMH (2020) |
| Group Author without Abbreviation | (Stanford University, 2020) | Stanford University (2020) |
When quoting:
The item read, "What were the best aspects of the program for you?" (Shayden et al., 2018, p. 304).
If a quotation contains 40 words or more, it should be treated as a block quotation:
Researchers have studied how people talk to themselves:
Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. It is an experience that is central to many people's everyday lives, and yet it presents considerable challenges to any effort to study scientifically. Nevertheless, a wide range of methodologies and approaches have combined to shed light on the subjective experiences of inner speech and its cognitive and neural underpinnings. (Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)